ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 19474 First edition 2018-03 Round timber Visual characteristics - Methods of determination Bois ronds Caractéristiques visuelles Méthodes de mesure Reference number IS0 19474:2018(E) @ IS0 2018 IS0 19474:2018(E) COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT @IS02018 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either IsO at the address below or Iso's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 40i: Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Fax: +41 22 749 09 47 Email: copyright@iso.org Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland i @ IS0 2018 - All rights reserved IS0 19474:2018(E) Contents Page Foreword ..iv Introduction. .V 1 Scope. .1 2 Normative references ..1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Knots 1 4.1 Uncovered knot 1 4.2 Covered knot 1 4.3 Rose 2 4.4 Epicormic shoot 2 4.5 Chinese moustache 2 5 Shakes. .2 5.1 Heart shake 2 5.2 Star shake. 2 5.3 Ring shake. 3 5.4 Frost crack, shake caused by lightning, drying shake, through shake .3 6 Characteristics of trunk shape 4 6.1 Sweep 4 6.1.1 Simplesweep 6.1.2 Multiple sweep 5 6.2 Ovality. 6 6.3 Tapering .6 Characteristics of wood structure 7 7.1 Spiral grain 7 7.2 Reaction wood. .8 7.3 Average width of annual rings. .8 7.4 Double pith .8 7.5 Removed pith 8 7.6 False heartwood. 8 7.7 Scar. 8 7.8 Canker .8 7.9 Sapwood .8 7.10 Heart sapwood .8 8 Biological factors. .9 8.1 Fungal disease. 9 8.1.1 Sapwood rot, coloration .9 8.1.2 Heartwood rot, hollow. .10 8.2 Insecthole .10 8.3 Damage caused by parasitic plants ..11 8.4 Damage caused by birds 11 9 Mechanical characteristics .11 9.1 Tapping cut. .11 9.2 Stripped bark 11 9.3 Incision and saw-cut .11 9.4 Harvesting damages. .12 10 Other characteristics .12 @ IS0 2018 - All rights reserved iii